SS-31 (10mg)

Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Restoration:

In aged mouse muscle, SS‑31 rapidly restores ATP production and P/O coupling efficiency to youthful levels within one hour, improving diaphragm strength and endurance [5][6]. 

Reduction of Oxidative Stress:

It protects cardiolipin from peroxidation and stabilizes the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby reducing ROS leakage and preventing mitochondrial permeability transition [2][7]. 

Support in Ischemia-Reperfusion:

SS‑31 protects mitochondria during ischemic events, reducing organ injury in kidney [8] and improving muscle and heart recovery. 

Neuroprotective and Anti‑Inflammatory Effects:

In preclinical models, it enhances mitochondrial function, reduces neuroinflammation, and improves synaptic and cognitive outcomes after oxidative or traumatic injury [2][9]. 

Exercise Performance & Anti‑Atrophy:

SS‑31 enhances fatigue resistance in aged rodents, prevents immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by stabilizing mitochondrial respiration, and supports exercise capacity without altering mitochondrial mass [5][6][10]. 

Citations

1. PubChem Compound Summary for Elamipretide (SS‑31) (CID 11764719): sequence D‑Arg–Dmt–Lys–Phe–NH₂; formula C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅; MW 639.8 Da. 
2. Pep‑Pedia entry on SS‑31 (elamipretide): mitochondrial cardiolipin binding, ROS scavenging, and bioenergetic enhancement. 
3. Peptidesociety.org monograph: SS‑31 accumulates in mitochondria, stabilizes cardiolipin, promotes ETC supercomplex assembly. 
4. Szeto HH & Schiller PW. "Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury." J Biol Chem. 2004;279(33):34682–34690. PMID: 15269187. 
5. Siegel MP, et al. "Mitochondrial-targeted peptide rapidly reverses mitochondrial energetic decline in aged mice." Aging Cell. 2013;12(5):763–771. PMID: 23924321. 
6. Birk AV, et al. "Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis." Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(8):2017–2030. PMID: 24696099. 
7. Szeto HH. "First‐in‐class cardiolipin‐protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics." Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(8):2029–2050. PMID: 24696100. 
8. Zhao K, et al. "Mitochondria-targeted peptide accelerates ATP recovery and reduces ischemic kidney injury." J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(6):1041–1052. PMID: 21546574. 
9. Etlinger JD, et al. "SS‑31 provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury via mitochondrial stabilization." J Neurosci. 2015;35(40):13760–13771. PMID: 26460023. 
10. Powers SK, et al. "SS‑31 prevents MV-induced diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction by targeting mitochondrial ROS." FASEB J. 2011;25(10):3885–3897. PMID: 21700700.